O estigma sobre a mulher portadora de hanseníase: um estudo do Asilo Colônia Lauro de Souza Lima / The woman with leprosy stigma: a colony Asylum Lauro de Souza Lima study

Analisar a concepção da mulher portadora de hanseníase na unidade hospitalar Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima (antigo Aimorés), localizado no município de Bauru Estado de São Paulo , com o objetivo de verificar a questão do preconceito vivenciado pela mulher portadora do bacilo de Hansen, como seria a sua inserção na sociedade hospitalar e como seriam aceitas as sequelas que a doença causava no corpo e em seu psicológico. Este estudo é importante para observar como a mulher portadora de hanseníase foi julgada e condenada por padrões médicos e morais de convívio sociais considerados adequados para a vida social e sadia. E como a doença poderia estabelecer condutas de vivência e padrões de convívio sociais, comportamentais e psicológicos distantes daqueles experimentados fora do asilo colônia. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de texto de memória sobre o asilo colônia Lauro de Souza Lima e de obras historiográficas sobre a temática(AU).

This paper analyzes the woman with leprosy stigma at Lauro de Souza Lima Institute (former Aimorés) located at Bauru, São Paulo State, aiming to verify the prejudice experienced by women with Hansen's bacillus, their insertion in the hospital society and how they would be accepted with body and psychological sequels caused by the disease. This study is important to observe how the woman with leprosy was judged and condemned by medical, moral and social living standards considered adequate for social and healthylife. As well as, how the disease could establish conducts of social, behavioral and psychological living patterns far from those experienced outside the colony asylum. The research was carried out by means of a memory text on the Lauro de Souza Lima colony asylum and historiographical works on the theme(AU).

Genoa and leprosy: from the Middle Ages to the present.

During the Middle Ages, leprosy sufferers could not live in the city and were forced outside the walls. In the centuries, the Genoese area dedicated several hospitals to lepers, such as S. Lazzaro and Pammatone Hospital, a small leprosarium in the Tigullio area and San Martino Hospital from 1935. The first doctor who recognized to cure leprosy in Genoa was Goffredo, who later was also nominated rector of the community. In the early 1900's, Radaeli promoted the construction of a leprosarium behind the San Martino hospital. In 1936 Giuseppe Mariani was known for using the leprosarium to hide Italian Jews during deportation to the extermination camps. Later, Professor Aldo Baccaredda-Boy instituted the graduate school in "Leprosy and Tropical Dermatology", continued by professor Enrico Nunzi until 1990. The leprosarium was then transformed into the Department of Tropical Dermatology and finally into the Operative Unit of Social Dermatology, a national reference center.

Profilaxia reversa: o estigma da lepra do hospital para a cidade / Reverse prophylaxis: the leprosy stigma from the hospital to the city

Resumo Os antecedentes históricos da hanseníase como problema social conduziram à construção de hospitais-colônia para isolamento de portadores da doença - uma medida profilática, a fim de evitar sua disseminação. Entretanto, esses estabelecimentos reforçaram o estigma da moléstia e perderam significado diante dos avanços científicos do tratamento ambulatorial. Assim, foram progressivamente descaracterizados, a exemplo do objeto deste estudo - o Hospital de Dermatologia Sanitária do Paraná, instalado em Piraquara, na região metropolitana de Curitiba. Com base nessa conjuntura, a pesquisa objetiva analisar as consequências da desativação de um complexo hospitalar, diagnosticando sua situação atual e refletindo sobre alternativas para minimização das suas interferências deletérias, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento do pensamento sobre outras experiências urbanísticas de organização do espaço social perante a estigmatização. A investigação foi baseada em técnicas de revisão de fontes bibliográficas e documentais sobre o tema e o objeto de estudo. Os resultados revelam que os retrocessos promoveram uma trajetória de segregação socioespacial e intraurbana, determinando necessidades de inclusão que demandam a constituição de políticas públicas de saúde associadas a diretrizes de gestão de cidades.

Abstract The history of leprosy as a social problem led to the construction of colony hospitals for the isolation of the ill - a prophylaxis measure, in order to contain dissemination. However, these establishments have reinforced the disease stigma and have lost their meaning in the face of scientific advances in outpatient treatment. Thus, they were progressively mischaracterized, like the object of this study - the Hospital de Dermatologia Sanitária do Paraná, installed in Piraquara, Paraná, Brazil, in the metropolitan region of Curitiba. Based on this scenario, the research aims at analyzing the consequences of the deactivation of a hospital complex, diagnosing its current situation and reflecting on alternatives to minimize its deleterious interferences, contributing to the development of thinking about other urban experiences of organizing the social space in the face of stigmatization. The work was based on revision techniques of bibliographical and documentary sources on the subject and the object of study. The results show that the setbacks promoted a socio-spatial and intra-urban segregation, determining the necessity of inclusion that demand the constitution of public health policies associated to city management guidelines.

Damien de Veuster (1840-1889): A life devoted to lepers.

Father Damien de Veuster, or Saint Damien of Molokai (1840-1889), was one of the pioneers of the holistic approach to care provision for leprosy patients and contributed to the overcoming of the patients' social stigmatization. He devoted his life to the lepers living in America's only leper colony, on the Hawaiian island of Molokai, where people with leprosy were required to live under government-sanctioned medical quarantine. Father Damien gained practical skills in caring for the sick, eagerly learning wound cleansing, bandaging techniques, and drug administration from a nurse. Mahatma Gandhi said that Father Damien's work had inspired his own social campaigns in India.

Humanitarian quarantine in practice: medicine, religion and leprosy in New Caledonia.

Medicine and religion worked in close synchronisation during the leprosy outbreak of New Caledonia (1890-1950). Once isolation of leprosy-affected people became mandatory doctors and missionaries came together to promote a particular form of medical practice that tied charitable zeal with cutting-edge medical research, developing a sophisticated set of medical practices that catered for the soul as well as the body. Such practices went hand-in-hand with ideas developed by doctors in the earlier stages of the epidemic about the way in which the disease had entered the Kanak (local Melanesian) population. Doctors and missionaries admitted that immoral colonial channels had upset the delicate balance of local social and biological rhythms. Yet they also believed that the highly contagious nature of the outbreak was linked to the inferior state of Kanak. This paper aims to highlight the way in which the leprosaria system in New Caledonia represented a double-edged moral high-ground within the French medical colonial narrative. It tracks the complex way in which emotionally charged arguments about contagion, science and spirituality constructed an ideology of humanitarian quarantine which was used to justify a highly aggressive form of medical biocontrol.

Lepra: doença, isolamento e segregação no contexto colonial em Moçambique / Leprosy: disease, isolation, and segregation in colonial Mozambique

Resumo A partir de documentação produzida entre a primeira metade do século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX, prioritariamente relatórios médicos, o artigo aponta as concepções vigentes na comunidade médica colonial e entre as populações locais sobre a lepra, suas manifestações e seu enfrentamento. Enfoca as tensões quanto à prática de segregação dos leprosos e suas implicações sanitárias e sociais. Para compreender as raízes dos discursos e estratégias no meio médico português e colonial, recupera-se a trajetória das definições de isolamento, segregação, lepra e suas aplicações, ou ausência de referência, na literatura de missionários, cronistas e médicos em Angola e Moçambique a partir da segunda metade do século XVII.

Abstract Drawing on documents produced between the early nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, mainly medical reports, this paper indicates the prevailing conceptions in the colonial medical community and local populations about leprosy, its manifestations, and how to deal with it. It focuses on the tensions concerning the practice of segregating lepers and its social and sanitation implications. To comprehend the roots of the discourses and strategies in the Portuguese and colonial medical environment, the trajectory of the definitions of isolation, segregation, and leprosy are traced, as are their use in or absence from the writings of missionaries, chroniclers, and doctors in Angola and Mozambique as of the second half of the seventeenth century.

Leprosy: disease, isolation, and segregation in colonial Mozambique. / Lepra: doença, isolamento e segregação no contexto colonial em Moçambique.

Drawing on documents produced between the early nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, mainly medical reports, this paper indicates the prevailing conceptions in the colonial medical community and local populations about leprosy, its manifestations, and how to deal with it. It focuses on the tensions concerning the practice of segregating lepers and its social and sanitation implications. To comprehend the roots of the discourses and strategies in the Portuguese and colonial medical environment, the trajectory of the definitions of isolation, segregation, and leprosy are traced, as are their use in or absence from the writings of missionaries, chroniclers, and doctors in Angola and Mozambique as of the second half of the seventeenth century.

[A Study on the Entering and Out-going Trends at Japan's National Hansen's Disease Sanatoriums].

A Hansen's disease (HD) policy began in Japan with the enactment of the No. 11 Act on Leprosy (1907 law No. 11), which was the first leprosy prevention law in Japan in 1907. Results of the law included the enforcement of regulations of the stated law and the establishment of Prefectural Allied (National) HD Sanatoriums in 1909. This policy continued until the "leprosy prevention law" abolition in 1996, and about 35,000 people were placed in isolation; however, its entering and out-going trends are not clear yet. The purpose of this research is to clarify the actual condition of the Japanese HD policy. We added up the number of individuals entering and leaving the sanatorium from 1909 to 2010. This information was collected from annual reports and the internal material from each national sanatorium. In the results, the number of general residents (new, re-entering, transferring from other sanatoriums) and the number of general out-going persons (transferring to another sanatorium, formal discharge, informal discharge including escape and wrong diagnosis, and others) were all totaled as the running number during the 102 year span, in addition to being added to the deaths. The results show that the number of general residents was 56,575 people and the number of general out-going persons was 54,047 people (death: 25,200 people; change of sanatorium: 4,350 people; formal discharge: 7,124 people; informal discharge including escape: 12,378 people; wrong diagnosis: 310 people; others: 4,685 people). Based on the details of each leprosy prevention law, the results for the first "1907 law No. 11" show that the number of general residents was 12,673 people and the number of general out-going persons was 9,070 people. The "1931 leprosy prevention law" results show that the number of general residents was 31,232 people and the number of general out-going persons was 23,354 people. The "1953 leprosy prevention law" results show that the number of general inmates was 12,098 people and the number of general out-going persons was 18,159 people. The "1996 law about repeal of leprosy prevention law" results show that the number of general residents was 572 people and the number of general out-going persons was 3,464 people. We can clarify the number of general residents and the number of general out-going persons in the National HD Sanatoriums in Japan.

[Philanthropy and welfare policies for the families of people with leprosy in the Brazilian state of Goiás, 1920-1962]. / Filantropia e política de assistência às famílias de doentes de lepra em Goiás, 1920-1962.

This article analyzes the root causes of the shortage of social support for the relatives of people with leprosy, especially their children, in the state of Goiás, Central West region of Brazil, between 1920 and 1962. It focuses on the constitution of discourses that defined the medical and philanthropic care for the children of people isolated in leper colonies as a problem, and how this process resulted in the organization of the Society for the Welfare of Lepers and Defense Against Leprosy, and the construction of Afrânio de Azevedo children's home in Goiânia, the state capital. These elements are directly associated with the construction of a new approach in the regional history and social and medical policies for leprosy.

The leprosarium of Saint-Thomas d'Aizier: The cementochronological proof of the medieval decline of Hansen disease in Europe?

This study compares the adult survivorship profiles of people interred in the Saint-Thomas d'Aizier leprosarium, estimated by cementochronology, to eight archaeological series in northern France dated from Late Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages, periods of significant visibility for Hansen's disease (leprosy). The goals are to understand the impact of leprosy on various social groups and to explore the cause of leprosy's decline by analyzing male and female fertility. Survival rates differed between medieval leprosy-free sites and the Saint-Thomas d'Aizier leprosarium, although this difference was statistically significant only for the female leprosarium sample. The selective female frailty, a consequence of social exclusion and the collapse of the quality of life, combined with the infertility of lepromatous couples, offer a multi-causal explanation to the end of the expansion and then decline of leprosy in southern and western European countries.